4-Carvomenthenol, a monoterpene of essential oils, and its underlying effects on anti-inflammatory activity and immediate hypersensitivity reaction

Abstract The monoterpene 4-carvomenthenol (Carvo) is found in essential oils of plant. Here, we evaluate the Carvo oral pretreatment in acute inflammatory experimental models and in silico molecular docking. Mice pretreated with Carvo were challenged and submitted to the protocols: paw edema, peritonitis, scratching behavior and anaphylactic shock reaction. Besides, we used histamine H1 receptor, cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2) and phospholipase A2, as targets for molecular docking analysis. Carvo inhibited the carrageenan-induced paw edema and decreased the peritoneal influx of polymorphonuclear cells on carrageenan-challenged mice without interfering with the mononuclear cell influx. Moreover, Carvo diminished the histamine, PGE2 and compound 48/80 induced paw edematogenic effect. The monoterpene also diminished the mice scratching behavior and, surprisingly, avoided the animal death caused by compound 48/80 in 30 min. Through the docking analysis, Carvo showed favorable binding energy to the histamine H1 receptor. This study demonstrates that Carvo attenuated the allergic inflammatory process, decreasing edema, cell migration, activation of mast cells and the histamine release, probably due to interaction of Carvo with the histamine H1 receptor, ameliorating the itching and the anaphylactic shock reaction. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that Carvo has anti-inflammatory properties by reducing the histamine effects.

Exames para avaliar a sensibilização ao aspergillus fumigatus em fibrose cística / Tests to assess sensitization to aspergillus fumigatus in cystic fibrosis

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados dos exames utilizados para identificar a sensibilização IgE-mediada ao Aspergillus fumigatus em pacientes com fibrose cística. Métodos: Estudo transversal descritivo com amostra de conveniência de 86 pacientes com fibrose cística, acompanhados em Serviço de Referência de Fibrose Cística de hospital universitário terciário. Realizaram-se exames para avaliar sensibilização ao A. fumigatus em pacientes com fibrose cística: IgE sérica total, contagem de eosinófilos sanguíneos, identificação do fungo por swab de orofaringe ou por cultura de escarro, IgE sérica específica e testes cutâneos de hipersensibilidade imediata. Foram comparados os resultados dos diferentes exames realizados. Resultados: Em 33 (38,4%) pacientes com fibrose cística, com faixa etária de 1 a 33 anos (mediana de 8 anos), os resultados dos exames sobre sensibilização IgE mediada ao A. fumigatus foram: em 16 pacientes, aumento de IgE sérica específica (>0,35 kU/L); em 23, positividade aos testes cutâneos; e seis mostraram sensibilização a partir dos dois exames. Foram observados dois pacientes com eosinofilia (>1.000 eosinófilos/mm3) e sete com aumento de IgE sérica total (>1.000 UI/mL), sem que esses apresentassem positividade aos testes cutâneos ou aumento de IgE específica ao A. fumigatus. Em nenhum paciente foi isolado A. fumigatus no swab de orofaringe e/ou na cultura de escarro. Conclusões: Concluímos que, entre os exames para avaliar a sensibilização ao A. fumigatus na fibrose cística, são necessários os teste cutâneos de hipersensibilidade imediata e a dosagem de IgE sérica específica ao A. fumigatus. A eosinofilia sérica e a cultura de secreções respiratórias não foram essenciais neste estudo.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the results of the tests used to identify the IgE mediated sensitization to Aspergillus fumigatus in patients with cystic fibrosis. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study with a convenience sample of 86 patients diagnosed with cystic fibrosis in the Reference Service in Cystic Fibrosis at a tertiary teaching hospital. The following tests were performed to assess the sensitization to A. fumigatus in patients with cystic fibrosis: Total serum IgE, eosinophil count, fungus detection through oropharyngeal swab or sputum culture, serum-specific IgE, and immediate-type hypersensitivity (IgE) skin tests. We compared the results of the different tests performed. Results: In 33 (38.4%) patients with cystic fibrosis, with ages ranging from 1 to 33 years (median of 8 years), the IgE-mediated A. fumigatus sensitization test results were: in 16 patients, there was an increase in serum-specific IgE (>0.35 kU/L); in 23, skin tests were positive; and six had sensitization in both tests. We observed two patients with eosinophilia (>1,000 eosinophils/mm3) and seven with increasing total serum IgE (>1,000 IU/mL), all of whom obtained negative results in skin tests and had no IgE increase specific to A. fumigatus. A. fumigatus was not detected in oropharyngeal swabs and/or sputum culture of any patients. Conclusions: We conclude that, among the tests used to assess sensitization to A. fumigatus in cystic fibrosis patients, both serum-specific IgE and immediate-type hypersensitivity (IgE) skin tests are required. Serum eosinophilia and respiratory secretion culture were not essential in this study.

Perioperative anaphylaxis / Anafilaxia perioperatória / Anafilaxia perioperatoria

Anaphylaxis remains one of the potential causes of perioperative death, being generally unanticipated and quickly progress to a life threatening situation. A narrative review of perioperative anaphylaxis is performed.

A anafilaxia continua sendo uma das causas potenciais de morte perioperatória, pois geralmente não é prevista e evolui rapidamente para uma situação ameaçadora da vida. Uma revisão da anafilaxia perioperatória é feita.

La anafilaxia sigue siendo una de las causas potenciales de muerte perioperatoria por ser generalmente no anticipada, y progresar rápidamente a una situación amenazante de la vida. Se realiza una revisión de la anafilaxia perioperatoria.

Murciélagos y ácaros en la alergia respiratoria / Bats and house-dust mites in respiratory allergy

Se valoró la posibilidad de que estos mamíferos ingirieron ácaros del hábitat (dermatophagoides pteronyssinus), y que sus antígenos formaran parte de las heces del murciélago (murcielaquina), y resultaren indirectamente alergénicos para los pacientes atópicos que habían revelado hipersensibilidad a dichas heces...

The possibility that house-dust mite antigens coming from dermatophagoides pteronyssinus were hidden in bat feces was studied in those atopic patients suffering rhinitis and asthma that revealed hypersensibility to bat feces...

Desarrollo de tolerancia oral en niños con alergia a la proteína de leche de vaca: seguimiento de 10 años / Oral tolerance development in children with allergy to cow's milk protein: follow-up of 10 years

Se estima que niños alérgicos desarrollen tolerancia oral durante los primeros años de vida con una dieta de eliminación de lácteos. Determinar el tiempo de desarrollo de tolerancia oral a la proteína de leche de vaca, características clínicas y laboratorio. Estudio prospectivo, seguimiento durante 10 años, de niños con alergia a proteína de leche de vaca. Se indicó dieta de eliminación por 4 semanas con posterior reto. Se solicitó IgE total y específica. Se registro edad y tiempo de dieta al confirmarse la tolerancia. 81 niños, 33/81(40,74%) femeninos y 48/81(59,25%) masculinos, edad promedio de diagnóstico 6,22 meses(rango <1-42). Alergia no mediada IgE 32/81 (39,50%) y alergia mediada IgE 49/81 (60,49%); IgE específica para leche de vaca positivo en 55/81 (67,90%). Diagnóstico por respuesta positiva a la dieta de eliminación en 62/81 (76,54%) y con reto en 19/81 (23,45%). Desarrollaron tolerancia después de 12-18m con dieta, 21/32 (65,62%) con alergia no IgE a los 1,6 años y 23/49 (46,93%) con alergia IgE a los 2,13 años. Los niños restantes toleraron entre 19-24m, a los 2,35 y 2,80 años para la alergia no IgE e IgE respectivamente. Después de 36m, continuaron sin tolerar 5 niños entre ambos grupos con progreso a alergia alimentaria múltiple. El diagnóstico de alergia puede basarse en la respuesta positiva a la dieta de eliminación de lácteos, el reto es necesario en casos inciertos y la tolerancia se alcanza a una edad más temprana en niños con alergia no mediada IgE

It is estimated that allergic children develop oral tolerance in the early years of life with a dairy elimination diet. To determine the time development of oral tolerance to cow's milk protein, clinical and laboratory. A prospective study followed for 10 years, children allergic to cow's milk protein. He said elimination diet for 4 weeks after challenge. Was requested total IgE and specific. Age and time was recorded to confirm diet tolerance. 81 children, 33/81 (40.74%) were female and 48/81 (59.25%) male, average age at diagnosis 6.22 months (range <1-42). IgE-mediated allergy is not 32/81 (39.50%) and IgE-mediated allergy 49/81 (60.49%) specific IgE to cow's milk positive in 55/81 (67.90%). Diagnosis by positive response to the elimination diet in 62/81 (76.54%) and challenge in 19/81 (23.45%). Tolerance developed after 12-18m with diet, 21/32 (65.62%) with non-IgE allergy to 1.6 years and 23/49 (46.93%) with IgE allergy to 2.13 years. The remaining children tolerated between 19-24m, to the 2.35 and 2.80 years for non-IgE allergy and IgE, respectively. After 36m, continued without tolerating 5 children between the two groups with multiple food allergy progress. The diagnosis of allergy can be based on positive response to milk elimination diet, the challenge is necessary in uncertain cases and tolerance is reached at an earlier age in children with IgE mediated allergy is not

Atopy patch test (APT) in the diagnosis of food allergy in children with atopic dermatitis / Teste de contato atópico (TCA) no diagnóstico de alergia alimentar em crianças com dermatite atópica

BACKGROUND: Atopic Dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Food allergens are important in the pathogenesis in 1/3 of the cases. Several mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis. Immediate reactions are identified by both measurement of specific IgE and skin prick test. Atopy Patch Test seems to be relevant in the investigation of patients with suspected delayed-type reactions. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the standardization of this method concerning allergen concentration, occlusion time and interpretation, and determine the specificity and sensitivity of the Atopy Patch Test according to the skin prick test and specific IgE levels in food allergy diagnosis in children with Atopic Dermatitis. METHODS: Seventy-two children, aged 2-12 years were selected and followed at the allergy clinic of the Hospital São Zacharias. Skin prick test, specific IgE and food Atopy Patch Test (cow's milk, egg, soy and wheat) were carried out. Three groups were submitted to the Atopy Patch Test: (1) Atopic Dermatitis with or without Rhinitis and Asthma; (2) Rhinitis and or Asthma without AD; (3) Healthy individuals. RESULTS: In group 1, 40% of the patients presented positive reactions. The longer the exposure time (48h and 72h), the higher the sensitivity. In group 2, the test was more specific than sensitive for all the extracts, with increased sensitivity the longer the time of exposure (72h). In group 3, 8.3% presented positive tests. CONCLUSION: APT evidenced a great diagnostic value in late-phase reactions to food, with high specificity. It showed to be a specific and reliable tool in comparison with the healthy group's results.

FUNDAMENTOS: A Dermatite Atópica é uma doença inflamatória crônica da pele. Os alimentos são importantes na patogênese da doença em 1/3 dos casos. Diversos mecanismos estão envolvidos na fisiopatogenia da dermatite Atópica. As reações imediatas são identificadas pela dosagem de IgE específica e teste de puntura. O teste de contato atópico parece ter relevância na investigação de pacientes com suspeita de reação tardia. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a padronização do método com relação à concentração do alérgeno, tempo de oclusão e de interpretação; e determinar a especificidade e a sensibilidade do teste de contato atópico em relação ao teste de puntura e a dosagem de IgE específica, no diagnóstico de alergia alimentar em crianças com dermatite Atópica. MÉTODOS: Setenta e duas crianças com 2 a 12 anos foram submetidas a teste de puntura e dosagem de IgE específicas para alimentos (leite de vaca, ovo, soja, trigo). O teste de contato atópico foi aplicado em 3 grupos: (1) Dermatite Atópica com ou sem Rinite e Asma; (2) Rinite e ou Asma sem Dermatite Atópica; (3) Saudáveis. RESULTADOS: No grupo 1, 40% dos pacientes apresentaram reação positiva. Quanto maior o tempo de exposição, maior foi a sensibilidade. No grupo 2, o teste foi mais específico que sensível para todos os extratos; com aumento da sensibilidade com maior tempo de exposição (72h). No grupo 3, 8.3% apresentaram testes positivos. CONCLUSÃO: O teste de contato atópico mostrou ter valor diagnóstico em relação às reações de fase tardia a alimentos, com elevada especificidade. Mostrou-se um teste específico e confiável ao comparar com os resultados do grupo controle.

Função pulmonar persistentemente reduzida em crianças e adolescentes com asma / Persistent pulmonary function impairment in children and adolescents with asthma

OBJETIVO: A asma é a doença pulmonar crônica mais comum na infância, caracterizada por inflamação brônquica. Algumas crianças com asma podem apresentar função pulmonar persistentemente reduzida. A prevalência e etiologia dessa anormalidade em crianças com asma em países em desenvolvimento ainda não são conhecidas. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a proporção de pacientes com função pulmonar reduzida, sem resposta a tratamento, em um grupo de crianças e adolescentes com asma, e descrever as características fenotípicas da amostra. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados pacientes ambulatoriais (5-17 anos) diagnosticados com asma persistente através de um questionário padronizado. Esses pacientes foram submetidos a espirometria e teste cutâneo para aeroalérgenos comuns. Definiu-se como função pulmonar persistentemente reduzida apresentar relação VEF1/CVF < 0,80, mesmo após ter recebido tratamento com broncodilatador e corticoide oral por 10 dias. O índice de intensidade de atopia foi utilizado para diferenciar pacientes pouco reatores daqueles multirreatores (ponto de corte: 4 alérgenos). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 96 pacientes, com média de idade de 10,6 anos. Desses, 52 (54,1%) eram do sexo masculino, e 89 (92,7%) eram atópicos. Dos 96 pacientes, 8 (8,3%) apresentaram redução da função pulmonar mesmo após o tratamento. Desses pacientes, 8 (100%) eram atópicos, 7 (87,5%) apresentavam asma moderada ou grave, e 7 (87,5%) tinham história de hospitalização por bronquiolite aguda. CONCLUSÕES: Crianças e adolescentes com asma moderada a grave podem apresentar função pulmonar reduzida e sem resposta a tratamento. Essa situação clínica é pouco estudada em países em desenvolvimento, e seus fatores de risco e etiologia serão mais bem entendidos somente com estudos de coorte de nascimento.

OBJECTIVE: Asthma is the most common chronic pulmonary disease, characterized by bronchial inflammation. Some children with asthma have persistent pulmonary function impairment. The prevalence and etiology of this abnormality in children with asthma in developing countries remain unknown. The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of patients with impaired pulmonary function who were unresponsive to treatment in a group of children and adolescents with asthma, and to describe the phenotypic characteristics of the sample. METHODS: Using a standardized questionnaire, we selected outpatients (5-17 years of age) diagnosed with persistent asthma. These patients underwent spirometry and skin prick tests for sensitivity to common aeroallergens. Persistent pulmonary function impairment was defined as an FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.80, even after 10 days of treatment with bronchodilators and oral corticosteroids. We used the atopic index to differentiate between patients with little or no response to the skin prick test and those with a strong response (cut-off point: 4 allergens). RESULTS: We included 96 patients with a mean age of 10.6 years. Of those, 52 (54.1%) were male, and 89 (92.7%) were atopic. Of the 96 patients, 8 (8.3%) had impaired pulmonary function even after the treatment. Among those patients, 8 (100%) were atopic, 7 (87.5%) had moderate or severe asthma, and 7 (87.5%) had a history of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis. CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents with moderate or severe asthma can present with impaired pulmonary function and be unresponsive to treatment. This clinical situation has been little studied in developing countries, and its risk factors and etiology will be better understood only through birth cohort studies.

Laboratorial atopy markers in children with human immunodeficiency virus

Changes in immune system functions are one of the most important consequences of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Studies have reported a higher prevalence of disease mediated by immunological hypersensitivity mechanisms in HIV-positive patients. This study aims to observe how immunological changes in HIV-infected children interfere in atopy determinants. Fifty-seven HIV-positive children were studied between June 2004-August 2005 to evaluate the possible modifications in atopy diagnosis from prick test environmental allergen reactivity. Patients were subjected to two evaluations: on both occasions, atopic and non-atopic groups were correlated with immunological (CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte concentrations and serum levels of IgA, IgM, IgG and IgE) and viral parameters (HIV viral load). The percent atopy was 20.05 in the first and 29.82 in the second evaluation and atopy was diagnosed in patients without immunosuppression or with moderate immunosuppression. Six patients changed from a negative to a positive atopy profile. One patient with a decreased CD4+ T lymphocyte concentration failed to demonstrate prick test positivity between evaluations. Multivariate analysis showed that the variables associated with atopy diagnosis included a personal history of allergic diseases as well as elevated IgE for age and elevated IgE levels. Atopy development in HIV-infected children seems to be modulated by genetic and environmental factors as well as immunological condition.

Detection of Allergen Specific IgE by AdvanSure Allergy Screen Test / 대한진단검사의학회지

BACKGROUND: In vitro serum allergen-specific IgE tests have been routinely used in the clinical diagnosis of allergic diseases. We evaluated the clinical usefulness of a newly introduced multiple antigen screen test, Advansure Allergy Screen (LG Life Science, Korea) (LG-Screen) for the detection of allergen specific IgE. METHODS: A total of 180 sera (80 for inhalant and 100 for food panels) were tested by LG-Screen and RIDA Allergy Screen (R-biopharm, Germany) (RIDA-Screen) assays. According to the 58-60 specific allergens or allergen groups, the positive rates and agreement rates were analyzed using the cut off levels of class 2. For the quantitation of total IgE and specific IgE, nephelometry and ImmunoCAP test were performed in the sera showing discrepant results between the two allergy screen assays. RESULTS: The agreement rate and kappa value (k) of total IgE between the two allergy screen assays was 73.9% and 0.333. LG-Screen showed higher agreement rate with nephelometry than RIDA-Screen. The positive rates to common outdoor inhalant and food allergens were significantly higher in RIDA-Screen. Overall agreement rate of specific IgE between the two allergy screen assays for 58 allergens was 86.7% (6,086/7,020) (k, 0.293). In samples showing discrepant results between the two allergy screen assays, concordance rate of allergy screen assay with ImmunoCAP assay was 70.9% (449/633) for LG-Screen (k, 0.585) and 29.1% (184/633) for RIDA-Screen (k, -0.303). CONCLUSIONS: LG-Screen showed a favorable agreement with RIDA-Screen and ImmunoCAP assays, and it could be used for the detection of allergen specific IgE in the clinical laboratory.

Usefulness of Total IgE in Predicting Positive Allergen Specific IgE Tests in Korean Subjects / 대한진단검사의학회지

BACKGROUND: Total IgE levels in allergic patients tend to be higher than those in healthy individuals. We evaluated the usefulness of total IgE levels in predicting positive results of allergen specific IgEs in multiple allergen simultaneous tests. METHODS: A total of 133 patients with allergic symptoms were evaluated. Allergen specific IgEs were detected using 3 different kits: Allergy screen (R-biopharm, Germany), AdvanSure Allergy Screen (LG Life Science, Korea) and Polycheck allergy (Biocheck Co., Germany). Total IgE was measured by turbidoimmunometric assay (LX-2200, Eiken Chemical Co., Japan). The patients were divided into high (> or =170 IU/mL) and low ( or =50%. Allergen specific IgEs to these two allergens showed good correlation with total IgE (correlation coefficients >0.5). CONCLUSIONS: Total IgE appears to be useful in predicting positive results in allergen specific IgE tests to common allergens. The specific IgEs to D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus showed good correlation with total IgE. However, for other allergens, significant differences were observed among different test kits, and the standardization of allergens in multiple allergen simultaneous tests is needed.

Padronização dos critérios de seleção em estudos sobre medicações nasais / Standardizing selection criteria in nasal medication studies

Estudos clínicos sobre medicações tópicas nasais exigem a padronização de "normalidade nasossinusal" na constituição de grupos controle através de uma avaliação específica da via aérea superior. Objetivo: Padronizar a avaliação de candidatos a grupos controle em estudos clínicos sobre medicações tópicas nasais. Material e métodos: Voluntários do sexo masculino, de 18 a 50 anos, que se declararam saudáveis, livres de doenças e assintomáticos nasossinusais foram submetidos a uma avaliação sequencial e excludente composta de uma avaliação clínica, teste cutâneo de hipersensibilidade imediata, teste da sacarina, nasofibroscopia flexível e citograma nasal. Desenho do estudo: Coorte contemporânea com corte transversal. Resultados: Dos 33 indivíduos inicialmente incluídos, 14 (42,4 por cento) foram excluídos na avaliação clínica. Dos 19 restantes, 2 (10,5 por cento) apresentaram atopia no teste cutâneo, sendo excluídos. 17 foram submetidos ao teste da sacarina demonstrando em todos os casos uma depuração mucociliar normal, sendo avaliados por nasofibroscopia flexível que detectou anormalidade em 2 casos (11,8 por cento) e excluídos. Os 15 restantes foram submetidos ao citograma nasal, demonstrando normalidade, representando 45,5 por cento dos indivíduos inicialmente incluídos. Conclusão: O protocolo proposto de avaliação sequencial e excludente foi efetivo na definição de candidatos à constituição de grupos controle em estudos clínicos sobre medicações tópicas nasais.

Clinical studies on nasal topical medications require the standardization of "nasosinusal normality" in order to establish control groups through a specific evaluation of the upper airways. AIM: to standardize the evaluation of candidates for control groups in clinical studies on nasal topical medications. Material and methods: healthy male volunteers of 18 to 50 years of age, asymptomatic from the nasosinusal standpoint were subjected to a sequential and excluding assessment made up of clinical evaluation, immediate hypersensitivity skin test, saccharin test, flexible nasofibroscopy and nasal cytology. Study design: Cross-sectional contemporary cohort. Results: Of the 33 people originally enrolled, 14 (42.4 percent) were excluded for clinical reasons. Of the 19 remaining, 2 (10.5 percent) had atopy diagnosed in the skin test and were excluded. 17 were tested with saccharin and presented normal mucociliary clearance. Evaluation by nasal endoscopy showed abnormality in 2 cases (11.8 percent) and these were excluded. The remaining 15 were submitted to nasal cytology, which proved normal, representing 45.5 percent of those initially included. Conclusion: The proposed protocol for sequential and excluding evaluation was effective in defining candidates for the establishment of control groups in clinical studies on nasal topical medications.

Associação de urticária de contato e dermatite alérgica de contato à borracha / Association of contact urticaria and allergic contact dermatitis to rubber

Apresenta-se o caso de uma profissional da área da saúde que desenvolveu reação de hipersensibilidade dos tipos I e IV à borracha. O quadro clínico mostrava dermatite eczematosa no dorso das mãos. O teste de contato foi positivo para o grupo tiuram, assim como o teste aberto com fragmento de luva após exposição de 20 minutos. A dosagem de IgE sérica (Rast) mostrou-se relevante. As reações aos alérgenos da borracha são frequentes entre os profissionais da saúde, devido ao contato constante com esse material.

We present a case of a healthcare professional that developed type I and IV hypersensitivity reactions to rubber. During the clinical examination the patient showed eczematous dermatitis of the hands. The patch test was positive for thiuram group and an open test with a piece of glove was positive after 20 minutes of exposure. Allergen-specific IgE test (RAST) was relevant. Reactions to rubber allergens are frequent among healthcare professionals due to constant contact with this material.

Allergen Specific IgE Measurement with Polycheck Allergy: Comparison of Three Multiple Allergen Simultaneous Tests / 대한진단검사의학회지

BACKGROUND: The in vivo skin prick test (SPT) or in vitro detection of allergen specific IgE in serum is commonly used for the diagnosis of allergic disease. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of a new multiple allergen simultaneous test (MAST) immunoblot assay, Polycheck Allergy (Biocheck GmbH, Germany). METHODS: A total of 100 patients with clinical findings of allergic diseases were tested by SPT and three different MAST assays: Polycheck Allergy (Biocheck GmbH, Germany), MAST CLA allergy system (Hitachi Chemical Diagnostics, USA) and Allergy Screen (R-biopharm, Germany). The results of MAST assays were compared with those of SPT. RESULTS: Concordance rates of MAST assays with SPT were 79-100% for Polycheck Allergy, 88.9-100% for MAST CLA and 72.7-98.3% for Allergy Screen. In ROC curve analysis, significant differences were observed in four of 25 allergens analysed: Alternaria, Birch, Hazelnut and D. farinae. For Alternaria and Birch, Polycheck Allergy (P0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Since Polycheck Allergy showed similar or superior result to the others, it can be used for the detection of allergen specific IgE antibodies.

Asma e função pulmonar aos 6-7 anos de idade em uma coorte de nascimentos no Sul do Brasil / Asthma and lung function in a birth cohort at 6-7 years of age in southern Brazil

OBJECTIVE: Asthma and respiratory symptoms are common in children, and many studies have shown associations between childhood symptoms and impaired lung function in adult life. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of various respiratory symptoms with wheezing patterns (persistent, early, and late-onset) and lung function, as well as to determine whether lung function was associated with atopy or with demographic, socioeconomic, environmental, and gestational factors, in a birth cohort at 6-7 years of age. METHODS: The target population consisted of children aged 6-7 years from a birth cohort of 5,304 children born in southern Brazil in 1993. For this follow-up evaluation, 532 of those children were randomly selected, and a sub-sample was submitted to spirometry and skin prick tests. A questionnaire was administered to the parent(s) or legal guardian(s) of each child. RESULTS: Spirometric values were lower in the children with respiratory symptoms or asthma. Mean forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC ratio) was lower in children with any of the following: current wheezing and asthma; asthma ever; four or more episodes of wheezing within the preceding 12 months; sleep disturbance due to wheezing; and exercise-induced wheezing. Persistent wheezing was associated with lower FEV1/FVC ratio. After multiple linear regression, exercise-induced wheezing was also associated with reduced FEV1/FVC ratio. Nonwhite skin color and wheezing severe enough to limit speech were associated with lower FEV1. CONCLUSIONS: Children with persistent wheezing and symptoms of severe asthma have impaired lung function at 6-7 years of age.

OBJETIVO: Asma e sintomas respiratórios são comuns na infância, e vários estudos têm demonstrado sua associação com redução da função pulmonar na vida adulta. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação de diversos sintomas respiratórios com padrões de sibilância (persistente, precoce e de início tardio) e função pulmonar aos 6-7 anos de idade em uma coorte de nascimentos, além de determinar se a função pulmonar estava associada à atopia ou a fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos, ambientais e gestacionais. MÉTODOS: A populaçãoalvo compreendeu crianças de 6 a 7 anos de idade pertencentes à coorte de 5.304 nascimentos ocorridos em 1993 em Pelotas, no Sul do Brasil. Para esse acompanhamento selecionaram-se aleatoriamente 532 dessas crianças, e uma subamostra foi submetida a espirometria e testes cutâneos de puntura. Aplicou-se um questionário aos pais das crianças ou seus responsáveis. RESULTADOS: Observamos valores espirométricos mais baixos nas crianças com sintomas respiratórios e asma. A média da relação volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo/capacidade vital forçada (relação VEF1/CVF) foi menor nas crianças com sibilância atual e asma, asma alguma vez na vida, quatro ou mais episódios de sibilância nos últimos 12 meses, sono perturbado pela sibilância e sibilância após exercícios. Sibilância persistente foi associada a redução da relação VEF1/CVF. Após regressão linear múltipla, sibilância após exercícios também foi associada a redução da relação VEF1/CVF. Cor da pele não-branca e fala prejudicada pela sibilância foram associadas a VEF1 reduzido. CONCLUSÕES: Crianças com sibilância persistente e sintomas de asma grave apresentaram função pulmonar prejudicada aos 6-7 anos de idade.

Incidence of atopic stigmata and prick test results in patients with asthma, allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis.

Allergic diseases are part of the 'modern lifestyle' and their incidence is still increasing. Cutaneous markers (stigmata) usually provide valuable clues for the diagnosis of atopic diseases. This study evaluated the prevalence of the four major and twenty-one minor criteria of Hanifin and Rajka in a total of 246 patients with mucosal allergies (99 asthma, 108 allergic rhinitis, and 39 allergic conjunctivitis). The two most prevalent major criteria were history of atopic diseases and pruritus. The most prevalent three minor criteria were periorbital darkening, influence of environmental factors and xerosis. The most common prick test-positive allergens were grass and mite allergens. Despite evidence for a high co-morbidity between atopic diseases, in daily clinical practise diagnostic and therapeutic procedures generally focus on the most predominant disease. We concluded that it may be important to screen subjects with mucosal allergies for the presence of major and minor cutaneous stigmata. Screening for cutaneous manifestations and subsequent treatment might further enhance the quality of life of these patients.

Evaluation of atopy among mouth-breathing pediatric patients referred for treatment to a tertiary care center

OBJETIVO: Respirador bucal é o indivíduo que utiliza a cavidade oral como principal via aérea durante a respiração. Trata-se de síndrome de múltiplas etiologias, dentre as quais a rinite alérgica merece destaque por sua alta prevalência. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a presença de atopia entre respiradores bucais encaminhados a serviço de referência da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e descritivo, realizado no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Foram incluídos pacientes de 2 a 12 anos de idade, com período de admissão entre novembro de 2002 e abril de 2004. Os responsáveis responderam a um questionário completo, e os pacientes foram submetidos a teste alérgico cutâneo para inalantes. Houve 140 participantes do estudo. Foram classificados como atópicos aqueles que apresentaram teste positivo para, no mínimo, um alérgeno. As análises estatísticas foram feitas no programa SPSS, usando análises univariadas seguidas pela regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Entre os 140 pacientes, 44,3 por cento (62/140) tiveram teste alérgico positivo. Acaros foram os alérgenos predominantes, apresentando positividade em 100 por cento dos atópicos. Em análise multivariada, atopia esteve significativamente associada ao sexo masculino (p = 0,05), presença de asma (p = 0,014), menor número de pessoas dormindo no mesmo cômodo que o paciente (p = 0,005), ausência de tabagismo passivo (p = 0,005) e ausência de apnéia noturna (p = 0,003). CONCLUSÃO: A alta prevalência de positividade no teste alérgico enfatiza a importância da investigação alergológica em respiradores bucais, pois a alergia tem formas específicas de tratamento que podem reduzir a morbidade desses pacientes quando adequadamente utilizadas.

OBJECTIVE: A mouth breather is someone who uses his/her oral cavity as main airway during breathing. This is a syndrome with several etiologies, but allergic rhinitis plays a key role due to its high prevalence. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of atopy among mouth-breathing patients referred to a tertiary care center in the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional, descriptive study carried out at Hospital das Clínicas of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Patients aged 2 to 12 years, admitted between November 2002 and April 2004, were included. Parents or surrogates completed a comprehensive questionnaire, and patients were submitted to a skin test for inhalant allergens. A total of 140 patients participated in the study. Those with a positive result for at least one allergen were regarded as atopic. The statistical analyses were made using SPSS, with univariate analyses followed by logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 140 patients, 44.3 percent (62/140) obtained positive results on the allergic test. Mites were the most predominant allergens, with a positive rate of 100 percent among atopic patients. In the multivariate analysis, atopy was significantly associated with the male sex (p = 0.05), presence of asthma (p = 0.014), lower number of people sleeping in the same room with the patient (p = 0.005), absence of passive smoking (p = 0.005) and absence of sleep apnea (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION:The high prevalence of positive results on the allergic test highlights the importance of allergologic investigation in mouth-breathers, since allergy has specific treatments that may reduce morbidity in these patients when properly used.

Diagnóstico de alergia a baratas no ambiente clínico: estudo comparativo entre o teste cutâneo e IgE específica / Use of the skin prick test and specific immunoglobulin E for the diagnosis of cockroach allergy

OBJETIVOS: Comparar a prevalência da sensibilização a baratas (Blattella germanica e Periplaneta americana) em crianças com e sem asma, verificando a concordância entre testes cutâneos e IgE específica bem como determinar a relação entre a sensibilização a baratas e níveis séricos de IgE total. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo caso-controle, envolvendo 76 crianças asmáticas e 42 não asmáticas, entre 6 e 14 anos de idade, em Recife, Brasil. Todas as crianças submeteram-se ao teste cutâneo e dosagem sérica de IgE específica para B. germanica e P. americana e determinação sérica da IgE total. RESULTADOS: As crianças asmáticas apresentaram maior positividade aos testes cutâneos para B. germanica (27,6 versus 4,8 por cento) e P. americana (27,6 versus 2,4 por cento) que aquelas do grupo controle. A concordância entre o teste cutâneo e a IgE específica foi razoável para B. germanica (Kappa = 0,25) e fraca para P. americana (Kappa = 0,17). A média geométrica da IgE total foi 591,70 kU/L entre pacientes asmáticos e 345,85 kU/L entre os controles, não havendo diferença estatisticamente significante. Em pacientes com testes positivos para baratas, a média geométrica da IgE total foi significativamente maior em comparação aos pacientes cujos exames foram negativos. CONCLUSÃO: A sensibilização a baratas foi associada à asma. O teste cutâneo pode refletir mais apropriadamente uma sensibilização a baratas clinicamente relevante que a IgE específica.

Clinico-immunologic evaluation of allergy to Himalayan tree pollen in atopic subjects in India--a new record.

Exposure to local pollen allergens has a direct bearing on the prevalence of allergic symptoms among the inhabiting atopic population. The populations in the Himalayas and around it are exposed to a variety of pollen grains from trees growing in the region, but the pollen-population interaction has not been clinically investigated. Himalayan tree pollen from five different taxa, i.e. Alnus nitida (AN), Betula utilis (BU), Cedrus deodara (CD), Mallotus phillipensis (MP) and Quercus incana (QI) were evaluated for their allergenicity in the Indian population by in vivo (skin prick test) and in vitro (ELISA) clinico-immunological methods. The presence of specific IgE against these tree pollen in the sera of skin test positive patients was taken as evidence for sensitization to these pollen. The average skin positivity in atopic populations recorded at different allergy centers in India varied from 2.2% against AN, to 4.7% against MP pollen. Significantly raised specific IgE against these pollen were observed in the sera of hypersensitive patients. The sensitization pattern to Himalayan tree pollen in these atopic populations varied. It was concluded that skin prick test positivity and raised IgE antibodies specific to AN, BU, CD, MP and QI established Himalayan tree pollen as important sensitizers in the atopic populations of India. A high incidence of skin sensitivity was observed to pollen antigens of Cedrus deodara, Mallotus phillipensis and Quercus incana in patients of Chandigarh residing in the hills and foothills of the Himalayas while Alnus nitida, Betula utilis and Cedrus deodara were important sensitizers in Delhi patients. The skin sensitization pattern against these pollen was in accordance with the level of exposure to these pollen of the subjects residing in that part of the country.

Pruebas cutáneas de hipersensibilidad inmediata en una población pediátrica seleccionada / Skin prick test of immediate hipersensitivity in a selected Chilean pediatric population sample

Background: Skin prick test (SPT) of immediate hypersensitivity is a main instrument in the diagnosis of allergy. Aim: To demonstrate the applicability of skin prick test in different age groups. Patients and Methods: We studied children and adolescents with the diagnosis of allergy in the Pediatric Respiratory Laboratory of the Catholic University of Chile, from January 2001 to March 2002. The SPT was performed using a standardized technique. The allergens were applied on the volar surface of the forearm in children older than 4 years of age and in younger children it was applied on their back. For study purposes we separated them into three age groups: GI ¡2 years and 11 months, GII from 3 to 4 years and 11 months, GIII ×5 years. Results: We studied 408 children, aged between 8 months and 15 years. The SPT was applied to all patients with no adverse effects of any kind. There was a positive reaction in 57.7percent of children. The reaction was positive in 37percent in G1, 39percent in GII and 65percent in GIII (p <0.001). The predominant allergens for each group were dust mites (Dermatophagoides pteronissinus and farinae). Conclusions: SPT was useful when used on a selected pediatric population. The frequency of sensitization increased significantly with age. However, more than one third of children between 2 and 4 years of age tested positive to one or more allergen, demonstrating its applicability in this age group.